Friday, December 27, 2019

H.G. Wells Novel The War of The Worlds Essay - 2269 Words

H.G. Wells’ Novel The War Of The Worlds Successfully Creates A Thrilling Climate Of Terror Which Often Reflects Late Victorian Insecurities. Discuss This Statement With Reference To The Purpose And Craft Of The Author – 1994 Words H.G. Wells’ novel â€Å"The War Of The Worlds† depends upon late Victorian insecurities to generate a thrilling climate of terror. Wells feeds off of the politics at that point in time, the ethics and beliefs of his contemporaries and also the sense of false pride and arrogance that white Victorians had considering that they were top of the natural selection hierarchy. He produces this climate of terror not only through the content of his writing, but by his use of language, structure and imagery.†¦show more content†¦Many Britons feared this idea of a technologically advanced war at the time, as Britain was in a naval race with Germany. Germany was challenging Britain’s navy because Britain’s navy was the best in the world, and one of the main causes of Britain having such a vast empire. Britain were aware of the envy that Germany had, and were therefore fearing the fact that Germany may be secretly planning a war, much like the Martians silently planned an attack on Earth. Wells’ also wrote about Victorians losing their faith in religion and the church. Some Victorians believed that god was punishing them as a world war was looming and some even doubted his existence, as there was no proof for it. To illustrate this, Wells created the curate as a highly religious character who had faith in god and also questioned why god had brought this war upon them. The following quote illustrates this, when the curate said â€Å"The end! The great and terrible day of the Lord! When men shall call upon the mountains and the rocks to fall upon them and hide them--hide them from the face of Him that sitteth upon the throne!†. This may have been an attempt by Wells to voice his opinion, saying thatShow MoreRelatedDifferences between H.G. Wells The War of the Worlds novel and 1953 film2599 Words   |  11 Pagesï » ¿ ENG 3c Culminating Assignment The War of the Worlds: Book and movie adaptation comparison By Magaidh Gordon Part A: Summary Text: The War of the Worlds (1898), a science fiction novel by H. G. Wells, is the first-person narrative of an unnamed protagonists (and his brothers) adventures in Surrey and London as Earth is invaded by aliens. Written in 1895, it is one of the earliest stories that details a conflict between mankind and an extraterrestrial race. Despite its ageRead MoreThe War of the Worlds by H.G. Wells Essay examples1720 Words   |  7 PagesH.G. Wells, author of mind blowing novel The War of The Worlds, used foreshadowing and both external and internal conflicts to show the theme those humans should not assume that they are the superior race. Wells was the author of more than 100 books, almost half of them nonfiction, published over a span of 52 years. In Bromley, Herbert George Wells was born. Wells started Morley’s school in Bromley when he was seven, when he was 14 he became apprenticed to a draper. In 1883, Wells rebelled againstRead More The War of the Worlds by HG Wells Essay1656 Words   |  7 PagesThe War of the Worlds by H G Wells This discussion will aim to explain what techniques H.G Well’s uses, which makes ‘War Of The Worlds’ a gripping and successful story. In This novel is basically about one mans account of Martians invasion and war on earth; throughout this play reality and fantasy bonded together to form the novel ‘The War Of The Worlds’. This novel was written at the turn of the century in 1998. There was a couple of events that inspired wells to write this story onRead MoreEssay on H.G. Wells: The Odd man Who Shaped a Genre1181 Words   |  5 Pages H.G. Wells: The Odd Man Who Shaped a Genre Herbert George (H.G.) Wells was a man of many passions both strange and ordinary, but despite his eccentricities, he impacted science fiction and fantasy in a profound and noticeable way. As a man who bridged the entertainment gap between the upper and lower classes that existed at the time, H.G. Wells books felt right at home from the 1890’s clear through the Lost Generation (British Writers, Vol. 6, 226). Fantastical plots and relatable language asideRead MoreThe Island of Dr. Moreau Essay1343 Words   |  6 PagesThe Island of Dr Moreau, by H.G. Wells, is not an ordinary science fiction novel. It doesnt deal with aliens or anything from outer space, but with biological science that exists on earth. The novel was about a character, Edmund Prendick that gets involved with an island of experimentation. At first glance, this tropical paradise seems idyllic. But deep in the jungles lies a terrifying secret. Moreau and Montgomery have been performing scientific research on human beings and the experiment goesRead MoreEssay about War of the Worlds by Herbert George (H.G.) Wells 1041 Words   |  5 PagesWar of the Worlds is a novel written by Herbert George (H.G.) Wells in the year 1898. It is a story of and alien invasion that takes place in London, England and how humanity as a whole come together in the toughest possible situation, against the odds, and in the face of adversity, and still come out victorious despite the countless numbers of dead. Destroyed buildings and landmarks. And at times loss of hope. In this report, I will be discussing three of the most important terms of the book: conflictRead MoreThe War of the Worlds920 Words   |  4 PagesThe War of the Worlds When earth is invaded, what will happen? Great science fiction novels explore many scenarios like this. The likelihood of an Alien invasion is still a highly talked about topic in science fiction today. But none approach the subject of alien invasions like The War of the Worlds. When looking for a science fiction novel a reader has a wide array of books to choose from. One would want to choose a classic science fiction novel that is engaging and believable. H.G. Wells’ novelRead MoreEssay on Science Versus Religion in H.G. Wells War of the Worlds1813 Words   |  8 PagesMartians are trying to take over the world. We humans cannot defeat them. Even with our superlative weapons we are not managing to defeat the Martians. At the ends of the novel little tiny microorganisms are managing to defeat these Martians. The key themes and ideas are Industrialization, Imperialism and science vs. Religion. Industrialization means using off weapons or machines. This is shown in the Novel by H.G. Wells that the Martians are killing the human race by using off their machines andRead MoreA Very Short Story By David Seed1476 Words   |  6 Pagesthe imagination of every child. In the novel, A Very Short Introduction by David Seed, he discusses in six chapters the unconventional genre known as science fiction.   The In the Novel, A Very Short Story By David Seed, he   includes topics such as science and technology, space, aliens, utopias, gender, and its relation to time past, present, and future and so on. To begin, before reading this book I had a good understanding of science fiction due to the novels that I have read and discussed in classRead MoreThe War Of The Worlds1200 Words   |  5 PagesThe Martians in the book The War Of The Worlds that was written by H. G. Wells were on the quest to Earth for resources to help them survive. At first landing and reading their spherical vehicles that were armed with both a heat ray gun and smoke gun, began to lay waste to mankind. Throughout the book, it is from the point of view of the narrator and what he experiences and sees on the Martians destruction of the world he knows. While Earth gives as much defense as they can, it cannot stand up against

Thursday, December 19, 2019

Differences Between The Faulins Tale And The Canterbury...

If you and 29 of your friends went on a trip and all told stories, whose story would win? In the case of The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer, this was the question at hand. The Canterbury Tales explains the religious pilgrimage of many individuals to Canterbury, and the stories they told along the way. With them traveled a Host, who served as the judge of the contest. He determined who the winner would be based off of how clean the story was and if the story was morally sound or not. The prize for winning the storytelling contest was a free dinner. Based on the rules set by the Host, The Franklin would have won the contest. The first criteria that each story must meet, is that it must be clean. Both of these tales reflect on†¦show more content†¦Even when Arveragus has to be away from Dorigen, their love survives as well as their faithfulness. â€Å"The Merchant’s Tale† on the the other hand is not so clean. This story depicts the marriage of an o ld knight named January, and his young and beautiful wife, May. Throughout the entirety of the story many aspects are not clean. The first example of this is shown the night of the wedding. We are in holy wedlock, and we may. And blessed be the yoke that we are in For nothing we can do will count as sin. A man is not a sinner with his wife, He cannot hurt himself with his own knife; We have the law’s permission thus to play.’ And so he laboured till the break of day. (372-373) January was very adamant about his final wedding guests leaving so that he can be alone with May. In the time after they left, they took part in actions deemed not clean. As time went on in the story, May started to have very strong feelings for an attendant in the house named Damian. Their love was a secret from January, and only expressed within letters to one another. Until one day it was expressed in a much more extreme way. Catching a branch, and with a spring she thence - Ladies, I beg you not to take offence, I can’t embellish, I’m a simple man- Went up into the tree, and Damian Pulled up her smock at once and in he thrust (386) As clearly stated in this quote,

Wednesday, December 11, 2019

I Go Along free essay sample

The story I Go Along, by Richard Peck, is about a boy named Gene who has changed his attitude while going on a class trip to see a poet. Throughout the story, the title is relative in various ways to the context of the story itself and represents many themes, such as dependence and conformity and most importantly, the idea that it is vital to make decision based on your own thoughts instead of following the crowd. By looking at the title of the story, I Go Along, the readers can directly obtain a sense associated with dependence and conformity. This sense is quickly explored at the beginning of the story as Gene goes along the crowd as everybody in the class puts up their hands (para.8) when his teachers asks them to go to a poetry reading. Genes reaction of raising his hand without thinking, going along with the class demonstrates that he plays a role as a follower instead of a leader in his everyday life. We will write a custom essay sample on I Go Along or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The title of the story successfully makes a connection with Genes dependent and conforming nature, which makes the title more relative to the context of the story. If you dive into the story more deeply, however, the title of the story can also represent more ideas, such as if you always follow or go along with the majority, then you would never realize what you could accomplish and achieve. One most obvious and direct example from the story that illustrates this idea is when Gene pulls his ball cap down to his nose and laces his fingers behind his head and kicks back in the seat ( para.57). Although Gene is recommend to switch to the advanced English class, which is a higher level he is capable of achieving, his reaction displays his careless attitude as a member of the lower class. Gene, who does not make his own decision and often adopts the crowds idea causes his own loss of chance of achieving something greater. At this point in the story, the title I Go Along is responsive to the attitude Gene has, as who tends to follow the majority. The title of the story can represent many different themes and ideas, of which each is significantly related to the context of the story. By analysing these various subjects, such as dependence, conformity, and the concept that making independent decision could lead to greater accomplishment, the readers will not only witness how effective Peck has been in using the story title to connect with the story itself, but come to understand the message the story is trying to convey from a deeper

Tuesday, December 3, 2019

Village or Town free essay sample

Olesia Tararai Instructor Izmentinov Writing for Academic Purposes Section 2 1 March 2010 Some people enjoy living in a big city, while others like living in a small village. Discuss both choices and defend your preference. A Small Village or A Big City? Our society is observing a village decline and a fast development of large cities. Some people have the idea that the best place for living is in a big city. However, many others disagree with this point of view, considering a village to be a perfect place to live. Obviously, both have good reasons to claim which place, a village or a city, is the most suitable for a person. People who support the idea of a perfect life in a city give many expedient reasons. Firstly, a big city gives a great variety of opportunities. For example, an educational level in cities is highly developed. There are a wide range of prestigious schools to choose and there are more colleges, universities and academies. We will write a custom essay sample on Village or Town? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page What is more, large cities offer a lot of extra curricula activities like sports clubs, art and dance schools and more. Secondly, big cities provide a person with a good medical treatment. Rapidly growing, a number of medical institutions is sufficient for the needs of city inhabitants. Finally, in a big city a person is provided with all facilities she or he needs for a well-being. Other people believe that villages are the best place to live. Firstly, they point out the safe and clean environment of the countryside. Absence of heavy traffic means absence of polluted atmosphere. With clean environment farmers can grow ecologically clean vegetables. Secondly, villagers appreciate a friendly atmosphere in a small town. Because of a small population, everyone knows everyone in villages. This fact unites people. They have a feeling of living in a closely knit community. Finally, countrymen see a village as the best place to live. Deciding between two places to live, I would choose a big city. Firstly, being born in a city, I spent my whole childhood among multistory uildings. Having become older, I cannot imagine myself without a variety of stores, supermarkets, shops and institutions of entertaining industry. Secondly, I can find a lot of opportunities to realize myself in a big city, for example prospects for career advancement.

Wednesday, November 27, 2019

Custom Home Building Proposal Essay Example

Custom Home Building Proposal Essay Custom Home Building Proposal Scroll down to read the full sample. This sample was written using these Proposal Pack templates: Cover Letter, Title Page, Table of Contents, What You Can Expect, Cost Summary, Responsibilities, Personnel, Production Schedule, Permits and Licenses, Certifications, Subcontracts, Testimonials, Company History This sample proposal was created using Proposal Pack Construction #3. The purchase link below is for your convenience if you wish to purchase the graphic theme used to create this specific sample (no purchase is necessary to view the sample). You would purchase this graphic theme ONLY if you want to create a custom proposal with this samples graphic theme. To view the full sample scroll further down this page. Purchase and download Proposal Pack Construction #3 IMPORTANT NOTE: You can use any of the Proposal Pack design themes to create your proposal with different accent graphics than this sample uses. For example, you could use a different Proposal Pack style and recreate this sample with a different visual look. This sample is intended for use as a guide for you to get ideas on how to create your own proposal. We will write a custom essay sample on Custom Home Building Proposal specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Custom Home Building Proposal specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Custom Home Building Proposal specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Most proposals will start with a Cover Letter, Title Page, Executive or Client Summary and a Cost Summary or Estimate then will include additional material as needed. Read this article to help you create a winning proposal using your Proposal Pack and this sample: HOW TO WRITE A CONTRACTOR OR CONSTRUCTION PROPOSAL Use the Proposal Pack editable templates to assemble your own framework and then fill in the blanks with the content, just as this sample was created from a Proposal Pack set of templates. Your proposal and quote could be just a couple pages long or over a hundred pages long depending on your needs, all created with one affordable Proposal Pack. PDF samples are not editable. You MUST buy a retail Proposal Pack for the editable templates. Jane and Sam Larkin PO Box 1023 Everett, WA 98201-1023 Dear Jane and Sam, Thank you for taking the time to meet with a representative from Watson Custom Homes. Based on the information he shared with me, I think our business would be a perfect fit for your needs. We’ve been building custom homes in Snohomish County since 1996, receiving multiple awards. The quality of our work is well-known. We don’t just build homes, we build dreams. And that’s our goal for you if you choose to work with us. We understand that you have already done your site evaluations and are on your way to obtaining a building permit for your property. We would like to point out that permit requirements are stringent in Snohomish County, and we would like to help coordinate with you so that you can obtain the necessary permits without delays. Based on the copy of the blueprints you provided, I have drawn up some documents for you, including a preliminary cost summary, a statement of the work we intend to perform if you hire us, and a timeline. Please do be aware, however, that building materials prices fluctuate rapidly and often, so we cannot guarantee final costs until the materials are purchased. Also, in consideration of the fact that you would like to use top-grade materials throughout the home, the initial building cost estimate comes in at $256. 00 per square foot, which is higher than the average Snohomish County price per square foot of $192. 0, but reflects the quality you have chosen. Please be wary of any estimates that come in at this average price or lower; it simply means that the builders will be using lesser-grade materials or taking shortcuts. On a final note, we will provide you with a contracted price after final materials are chosen and before the construction work begins. We believe you should get in to your home on budget and on time, and we will not surprise you with hidden labor charges. Once we sign the contract, the price we have set is what you will pay, making it easier for you to obtain the proper financing. Of course, if you would like to make changes beyond that point, we are happy to provide a â€Å"change order† which may slightly alter the final price of the home. Please do not hesitate to call with any questions you might have, either about our services or about the building process. We would love to help you build your dream home. Sincerely, Alan Watson Owner, General Contractor Watson Custom Homes 425. 388. 9926 office 425. 762. 4833 cell [emailprotected] com www. WatsonCustomHomes. com Watson Custom Homes th 543 NE 50 West Seattle, WA 98032 (PH) 425. 388. 9926 (FX) 425. 388. 9927 www. WatsonCustomHomes. com Custom Home Building for the Larkins Prepared for: Prepared by: Jane and Sam Larkin Alan Watson The Larkin family is planning on having a custom home built and has performed a preliminary site evaluation. Watson Custom Homes is experienced in building custom homes and will work with you on the entire process from site evaluation, planning, permitting and construction. www. WatsonCustomHomes. com Proposal Number: 54-49545 What You Can Expect Cost Summary Responsibilities Personnel Production Schedule Permits and Licenses Certifications Subcontracts Testimonials Company History †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2 4 5 8 10 11 12 14 16 17 www. WatsonCustomHomes. com 1|Page We understand that building a home can be a daunting prospect. But set your mind at ease! At Watson Custom Homes, weve built hundreds of homes; we know what were doing. We are your partners and we share the same goal—to give you the home of your dreams. During your home construction project, you can expect the following from us. A Consistent Schedule Theres nothing more annoying than waiting for a crew to show up. Our crew is dedicated to your project and each person will arrive at the scheduled time. Work will stop each day as needed to obey all noise ordinances for your area. Open Communication The construction superintendent assigned to your project will be in constant communication with you, the client, giving you regular progress reports and consulting with you if any glitches should happen. The construction superintendent will also be in communication with your architect as needed, as well as with all inspectors and subcontractors. Proper Identification of Personnel Our employees have all passed thorough background checks. They must wear Watson Custom Homes tee shirts or sweatshirts when on the job, and they are required to produce company identification when requested. We insist that our subcontractors also follow these rules. www. WatsonCustomHomes. com 2|Page Proper Handling of Construction Site Issues Lets face it, theres no way to build a house without some noise and dirt. But we will strive to keep both to a minimum. We obey all local noise ordinances. If runoff could be an issue, we use appropriate barriers to keep wastewater and mud out of the street and waterways. If dust might be an issue, we will spray areas with water to minimize airborne dirt. All hazardous chemicals will be handled according to federal and state regulations, and all chemicals will be locked into our storage container each evening. The crew will leave the jobsite as clean and secure as possible when wrapping up work each day. Please be aware that for sanitary purposes, we will need to place a portable toilet on your worksite, but we will strive to place it in an unobtrusive location while keeping it easily reachable for regular cleaning. Employees have been instructed to carpool when possible to keep parking issues at a minimum. When parking is restricted onsite, we will work to find alternative sites and shuttle employees to the jobsite. www. WatsonCustomHomes. com 3|Page Site Development Costs Surveying and Grading Septic Water hook-up fee Electrical hook-up fees Total Site Development Costs: Permits Electrical Snohomish County PUD (Water Purveyor) Snohomish Health (Septic) Snohomish Planning and Development Building Permit County Access Final Inspection Total Permit Costs: Building Costs Final construction costs average of $256. 00 per square foot x 4,562 square feet using only top-grade materials Total Building Costs: Price $24,000. 00 $17,800. 00 $3,200. 00 $10,065. 00 $55,065. 00 $250. 00 $360. 00 $175. 00 $4562. 00 $40. 00 $950. 00 $6337. 00 $1,167,872. 00 $1,167,872. 00 TOTAL AMOUNT $1,229,274. 00 Standard Disclaimer: The numbers represented above are to be used as an estimate for the projects discussed. The above Cost Summary does in no way constitute a warranty of final price. Estimates are subject to change if project specifications are changed or costs for outsourced services change before being locked in by a binding contract. www. WatsonCustomHomes. com 4|Page The following are the responsibilities and duties of the parties in the project. Completion of the total home building project requires the coordination and interaction of Watson Custom Homes, clients Jane and Sam Larkin, and various subcontractors. It is our understanding that Watson Custom Homes is responsible only for construction of the house and that the clients wish to contract with a separate site preparation company for the lot clearing and leveling, as well as a separate septic company for installation of septic field and lines, a landscaping company, and a painting company for final work after construction is complete. We understand the division of responsibilities to be as follows: Clients Jane and Sam Larkin: Obtain and make scheduled payments on a construction loan. Contract with a site preparation company to mark property boundaries, remove trees and other vegetation and level building site as needed. Contract with and schedule company for installation and inspection of septic tank and drain lines as specified in the blueprints. Maintain proper insurance and security on structure and building lot until construction is complete. Make all payments to Watson Custom Homes as scheduled in contract. Coordinate with all parties to apply for permits in a timely fashion. Purchase all appliances specified in blueprints and arrange for delivery in coordination with Watson Custom Homes. Contract with painting company to do final painting of interior and exterior walls and trim after home construction is complete. Contract with landscaping company to do final landscaping after home construction is complete. www. WatsonCustomHomes. com 5|Page Watson Custom Homes: Complete all work necessary to build the house for Jane and Sam Larkin according to the blueprints, including foundation frame and pour, house framing and roofing, electrical, plumbing, appliance installation, trim work, and frame, pour, and finish driveway and sidewalks. Watson Custom Homes will hire, oversee, and pay subcontractors as needed to complete this work. Maintain a safe work site during construction and leave the site clean of debris (all debris to be kept in dumpster or other container) on exiting each evening. Arrange for, deliver, and maintain sanitary facilities for workers during the course of the project. A portable toilet and hand washing facilities will be placed on the site and maintained in a sanitary manner for the duration of the project. ) Obey local noise restrictions before 8 a. m. and after 6 p. m. Schedule workers and jobs efficiently to meet milestones as specified in the enclosed Production Schedule. Notify clients and subcontractors in a timely fashion if adjustments must be made to schedule or budget due to circumstances beyond the control of Watson Custom Homes. Coordinate with all parties to apply for permits and schedule inspections as efficiently as possible. Communicate regularly with clients to keep them informed of progress. Remove all debris and equipment from building site on completion of project. Site Preparation Company: Mark all property boundaries. Measure appropriate distances from property lines to level house site at least 10 feet beyond each exterior wall of house as indicated on blueprints. Keep homeowner clients informed of progress and site preparation completion date. Remove all equipment from property after site preparation is complete. www. WatsonCustomHomes. com 6|Page Septic Company: Install septic tank and drain lines as specified in blueprints. Arrange for and finalize inspection of septic field. Cover septic tank and lines in a safe manner so that equipment and personnel may safely cross on top of them without damage. Mark septic tank and drain field to ensure that no structure will encroach on them. Clearly mark stubs for attachment by Watson Custom Homes personnel. Landscaping Company: After notification by Watson Custom Homes and clients that all construction is complete and inspections have been finalized, complete landscape work as directed by clients and architect. Painting Company: After notification by Watson Custom Homes and clients that all construction is complete and inspections have been finalized, complete painting work as directed by clients and architect. www. WatsonCustomHomes. com 7|Page The following Watson Custom Homes personnel will be assigned to this project. Personnel have been selected based on their ability to work together as a team for your project. Bob Pearson – Construction Superintendent Bob has been with Watson Custom Homes for eight years, and has built 13 custom homes in that time. He has led teams of up to 21 people and is well known for his perfectionism. Prior to joining Watson Custom Homes, Bob was a construction superintendent with Tenside Developers. Bob Pearson has more than twenty years in the residential construction business, and holds a degree in Construction Management. Bob will be responsible for maintaining schedule and budget and seeing the project through the permit and inspection processes. Bob will inspect and sign off on all work done by subcontractors. Christine Reese – Master Carpenter Christine broke the gender barrier when she first became a carpenter more than 20 years ago, and she has been moving the bar of excellence higher ever since. Christine is an expert in all aspects of carpentry, from basic framing to fine woodwork. She is accustomed to supervising teams of up to eight carpenters. Prior to joining Watson Custom Homes, Christine was lead carpenter at Knowles Baker Homebuilders. Christine received her carpentry training at multiple institutions and on the job. Christine will oversee all carpentry work on the project. www. WatsonCustomHomes. com 8|Page Jake Morsall Foreman Jake could build a house from scratch all by himself. And he has done just that on several occasions. Jake knows all aspects of home construction, from the concrete pour for the foundation to installing and finishing drywall. He has served as Foreman for us for nine years. Prior to joining Watson Custom Homes, Jake ran his own remodeling company, Morsall Remodels. Jake has received training in various specialties along the way, but most of his experience has been gained on the job. Jake will supervise all crews on the job site on a day-to-day basis. www. WatsonCustomHomes. com 9|Page The following is our projected production schedule for the home based on your desired completion date of May 31. Proposal acceptance: December 1 Secure Financing: December 1 Building Permits: December 1 Review and Finalize Site and Construction Plans: December 3 Contracts, December 5 Construction Loan Settlement, 1st Installment, December 5 Site preparation complete: December 15 Foundation work complete: January 15 Rough Carpentry complete: March 1 HVAC, Plumbing and Electrical complete: March 12 Roofing, Exterior Finish and Insulation complete: April 1 Patio, Porch, Driveway, and Paving complete: April 13 Cabinetry complete: April 20 Drywall, Interior Finish and Trim complete: May 8 Flooring complete: May 11 Hardware Installation complete: May 14 Final Inspection: May 15 Use Occupancy Certificate: May 18 First Walkthrough: May 19 Landscaping complete: May 20 Cleaning, Final Punch-out, and Touch-up: May 25 Final Walkthrough: May 31 www. WatsonCustomHomes. com 10 | P a g e This project is legally required to obtain the following permits and to be performed by individuals licensed to complete the project. Permits Required: Permit #1 –On-Site Sewage Disposal System Permit Authority: Snohomish Health District, Sanitation Division The Sanitation Division must approve plans for new construction to ensure that water supply and waste disposal methods meet health code requirements. You will need to fill out a Health District Clearance Request form and submit, along with a copy of your plot plan. Permit #2 –Electrical Permit Authority: Washington State Department of Labor Industries You will need to obtain an electrical permit from L I prior to receiving your building permit from the County. Permit #3 – County Building Permit Authority: Snohomish County Planning and Development Services You will need to submit a copy of your Health District clearance, a copy of your electrical permit, 2 sets of structural blueprints, 1 copy of your site plan, a property location map and a water availability letter obtained from the water purveyor of the Snohomish County PUD. Permit #4 – County Access Permit Authority: Snohomish County Planning and Development Services You can submit this at the same time or prior to your building permit. You will need to request a permit to have access to your property off a county maintained road. www. WatsonCustomHomes. com 11 | P a g e Watson Custom Homes is licensed, bonded, and certified to perform the work required of this project. Licensing Watson Custom Homes has been a licensed General Contractor with the state of Washington Department of Labor and Industries since 1996. Our Unified Business Identifier (UBI) number is 602055555. Bonding We maintain a $12,000 general bond with Contractors Technical Insurance Company of Washington. Insurance We maintain a $1 million contractor insurance policy with Contractors Technical Insurance Company of Washington. Professional Organizations We are members of the following professional builders organizations and subscribe to all codes of ethics and guidelines of these organizations: National Association of Home Builders Master Builders Association of King and Snohomish Counties Building Industry Association of Washington www. WatsonCustomHomes. com 12 | P a g e Certifications Available for Your Home Clean Green Certificate Authority: Master Home Builders USA We are certified as a Green Builder company, and can complete your home to meet the national Clean Green standards. Energy Superstar Home Certificate Authority: National Association of Builders for Energy Efficiency Our construction supervisors and architectural advisors have all received energy efficiency training. If you are interested in incorporating solar energy or wind energy or passive solar construction into your home, we can advise you on how to meet the standards to earn the Energy Superstar Home Certificate. www. WatsonCustomHomes. com 13 | P a g e Due to the nature of your homebuilding project, Watson Custom Homes will subcontract out portions of the project to the following experts. This will ensure an onschedule process and the highest quality of workmanship. You may see the following company names on equipment or uniformed personnel on your home site. We have worked with these trusted subcontractors for years. We will schedule, supervise, and pay for all their work. Jaxson Concrete This company has expertise in all areas of concrete construction. We will contract with them to frame, pour, and finish the house foundation, as well as the driveway and sidewalks. Jaxson Concrete has been in business for 10 years, and is headquartered in Lynnwood, WA. Superb Electrical Contractors Superb is one of the most experienced electrical contractors in our area. They are fast and efficient, and their work always passes inspection on the first try. Superb Electrical will be responsible for all electrical work, including attaching all fixtures to the interior and exterior of your home. Superb has been in business for 12 years, and is headquartered in Everett, WA. www. WatsonCustomHomes. com 14 | P a g e Porterhouse Plumbers Porterhouse Plumbers is a family-owned business, and Max Porterhouses expertise in plumbing has been passed down to his two sons, three daughters, and six grandchildren. Porterhouse Plumbers will install all plumbing pipes and fixtures in your home and will ensure that water supply and septic systems are working efficiently. Porterhouse Plumbers has been in business for more than 30 years and is headquartered in Bothell, WA. Tyle Artistry As the blueprints call for a large amount of custom tile work, we choose to subcontract that to Tyle Artistry, which is well known for their work in fine homes throughout the greater Seattle area. Tyle Artistry has been in business for 6 years and is headquartered in Seattle, WA. www. WatsonCustomHomes. com 15 | P a g e Watson Custom Homes has garnered much praise for quality home building. We’re proud to provide the best service, and our awards reflect that. In addition, we maintain several professional memberships Awards Best of Show, Northwest Home Builders Washington State Master Builder Association Builder of the Year Finalist Street of Dreams AGC Excellence in Construction Memberships Washington State Master Builder Association National Association of Home Builders Associated General Contractors of Washington State Testimonials Alan and his crew were right on in their planning and estimates. Some other builders wanted to charge us rates for materials + time, but we didn’t want to be responsible for the huge cost of labor delays. We got our custom dream home for the price he quoted and he did a great job. –Steve B. , Everett We began the process of custom home building with trepidation because of some serious problems we had with contractors in the past. However, we had heard of Watson Custom Homes good reputation, so we gave it a go. We’re really glad we chose to use them. They made this process as stress-free as possible. –John and Kate M. , Arlington After checking out about a dozen builders, we signed with Watson Custom Homes. Alan knew we were concerned about quality, and he even went so far as to arrange a tour of one of his previous homes for us. When we saw the amazing craftsmanship of his home, we knew right away he was the right builder. Now that we’re in our home, friends constantly comment on what a great job the builder did. Thanks, Alan! –Kyle and Amanda P. , Bothell www. WatsonCustomHomes. com 16 | P a g e About us – Watson Custom Homes builds fine homes in King, Snohomish, Skagit, and Island Counties. Our mission is to give discerning homeowners exactly what they want. We have built more than 400 custom homes. The average value of the homes we build is $1. 3 million dollars. We contract with only the finest subcontractors to complete your project. Watson Custom Homes was founded in 1996. We have a full-time staff of 16 office staff and construction superintendents. We employ other construction experts as needed, depending on our project schedule. During our busiest seasons, we employ up to 56 people. Watson Custom Homes is headquartered in Seattle, Washington. For large projects, we also maintain temporary on-site offices and equipment storage in rented trailers. Services – Watson Custom Homes can handle a complete homebuilding project from site selection and preparation to final landscaping, or we can coordinate with other organizations to help build the home of your dreams. How to Contact Watson Custom Homes If you need to contact us for any reason, you can reach us at: Watson Custom Homes 543 NE 50th West Seattle, WA 98032 Phone: 425. 388. 9926 Fax: 425. 388. 9927 E-Mail: [emailprotected] com www. WatsonCustomHomes. com Client contact: Alan Watson Owner, General Contractor Watson Custom Homes 425. 388. 9926 office 425. 762. 4833 cell [emailprotected] com www. WatsonCustomHomes. com 17 | P a g e This sample proposal is included in the Proposal Pack and Proposal Kit Professional products. Sample proposals are included for illustration purposes to show how Proposal Packs can be used to create a wide variety of business proposals and other complex business documents. Proposal Pack templates and samples may not be distributed as-is or made publically available (including but not limited to posting online). For example, our sample proposals and stock editable templates may not be redistributed as-is. You can use these samples and templates to create your own unique proposals to send to your recipients. Make sure to read the full license agreement included with your Proposal Kit product if you have any questions about how the materials can and cannot be used. The license agreement is also available on our web site at: http://www. proposalkit. com/htm/license. htm All Proposal Kit materials are registered with the U. S. Copyright Office.

Sunday, November 24, 2019

Anita S Dance Feminist Criticism Essays

Anita S Dance Feminist Criticism Essays Anita S Dance Feminist Criticism Essay Anita S Dance Feminist Criticism Essay She graduated from Master in 1955 and without hesitation, enrolled in a Masters program for Canadian Literature at McGill University in Montreal, Quebec. Marina was a powerful activist for womens rights over the years, writing books, short stories, and sharing her experiences with all who would engage. Her evident determination to succeed was first noted at the young age of ten, when her mother told her that the profession of writing was very hard and Marina Engel responded to her by saying, l dont care. Marina grew into a throng woman, who was passionately dedicated to her work. She wrote many short stories, and novels that clearly depicted the social justice issues prevalent during her lifetime, specifically the oppression and factorization of women. Engels unconditional support of the womens rights movement during the sasss is clearly portrayed in her short story Antas Dance. In the sasss the womens rights movement was quickly gaining ground as women began to be granted job positions which had been predominantly male roles, and were no longer confined to a life of dreary domesticity, this is reflected in the way Anita is living, and her general thoughts on the idea of living as a mother and house wife. Anita is a well-educated, self-supportive woman who rejects the male ideals of being a dainty, do-nothing house wife. The history of feminism has been divided into three distinct waves, and the second wave has been identified as taking place from the sasss to the mid-1 asss. The second wave was a frenzy of sexual and reproductive rights being established, and a massive rise in divorce rates. Education became readily available and widely accepted as a path for both men and women during that time, and Anita sakes advantage of the opportunity. Anita goes to universe ¶y and pursues her dreams of educating herself, as opposed to settling down. She had wanted to study literature but on practical grounds had chosen economics instead. This quote is significant because it highlights how serious women were about becoming properly educated and qualified for good work. Economics qualifications would increase the chances of Anita getting a good, well-paying job; literature would limit the chan ce of success for Anita in her career. This is because despite the growth in support Of the womens rights movement, a ale was still far more likely to get his works published, whereas it was significantly harder for women. It is important to note that the author herself had qualifications in literature and the fact that Anita sees it as impractical is likely a reflection of the struggle Marina faced in her career. Once again, it is an area where although things were generally moving forward, some were moving at much too slow a pace. Regardless of the fact that the movement had made significant strides over the years, there always seems to be the people who prefer to be set in their ways. The audience is introduced to an ill- mannered, condescending pig named Jack, who unfortunately for Anita, is her younger brother. Jack comes around, asking for money and a means of transportation, as well as bearing heavy news about one of Antas older sisters. Her sister Lanai has fallen ill, and as Jack breaks the news to Anita, he also feels the need to add that she should probably take care of the kids. Its Jacks way of attempting to strip Anita of the rights she has to be a free willed single, working woman, which was a common tactic used by those uncomfortable or against the feminist movement. Although Anita makes a great effort to ignore the factorization that she faces throughout the story, it is impossible for the audience not to pick up on the words, symbols, and characters used to blatantly victimize her. Right off the bat Anita is attempting to enjoy the peace and quiet of her backyard to spend some time alone to just read and relax, however her thoughts are intruded by the reminder of her friends calling her selfish. Anita recalls being called selfish by her friends for finding happiness in her successes such as having ownership of her own house, a car, and a satisfying way of life in unreal. This brings down the value of her success and leaves Anita a victim, because her friends are just trying to take away from the caliber of her accomplishments, and try to give her a reason to feel guilty about whats shes done for herself. Next, Antas thoughts are overtaken by a memory of a boy she had once been very fond of. That is, until he suggested that she drop her scholarship at university, marry him, and put him through law school because, Being male, he had more right to an education than she had. Now while this truly selfish boyfriend of Antas didnt have the chance to turn her onto a victim because she dumped him and didnt listen to his request, the language he uses is condescending and highly discriminating against women, which is definitely a form of factorization. Each character that appears to be attempting to take away any sense of happiness achieved by Anita is male, including her cat. Now it is not the cat itself that does something to directly victimize Anita, it is t he language used to describe the cats thought process that depicts the factorization. The cat was scowling at her through the kitchen window; he didnt like her to be happy. This is a quote from early on n the story where Anita is still enjoying the small amount of time she will have to herself before Jack comes around. However the audience does not have to read much further to discover that of course the cat will have what it wants, which would be Anita feeling miserable. Once Jack barges onto the scene the cat receives a smug sense of relief. The cat gave her a satisfied look, pleased that her moment of glory was over. This is another perfect explanation as to why Anita is painted as a victim, see, there are people (or cats in this case) that feel they benefit from her misery, and their presence in his piece of literature perfectly outlines how Anita is victimized. Above all sources of factorization for Anita, her brother Jack is by far the worst of them. In one of many attempts t o bring Anita down, Jack speaks mockingly about the fact that Anita is reading at the time that he enters. The two are having a discussion about the fact that Anita does not have any work to give Jack, given the fact that she handles it all herself. There must be something, the way you lie around reading all the time. The fact that Jack makes it clear he believes he is more capable of dealing with the work shows that he thinks Anita is thing better than a lazy, good for nothing, girl, getting her head lost in books as opposed to getting real work done. After a distressing conversation with Jack, Anita aggressively makes her way inside her house and upstairs to her room to change what she was wearing. As she comes inside, Anita slams the door out of anger shaking the petals off of the poppies that she had put in her front hall. This is an extremely important symbol to take note of because poppies represent dreams, and so by the petals falling off, it represents the way that Anita is stripped of her dreams of peace and quiet for the day. After spending a very short amount of time with the one person whom Anita can tolerate, Clive, she must return to her house to ensure that Jack has left. When Jack addresses his sister he doesnt call her by her name, rather he calls her girl which is one of the most common way to strip someone of their Persephone. As opposed to recognizing Anita as a person by calling her by her name, he uses a term that makes women seem like they hold lesser value, even if it is just through his words. However not only did Jack use a general term for females, he also uses a term that is often for referring to a monger group. By using the terms girl as opposed to lady or Woman Jack also makes Anita appear young, incompetent, and immature. Jack goes on to say that all Anita cares about is white velvet, books, and doilies, which are all things associated with daintiness. Once again, Jack is taking a shot at Antas actual intelligence, knowing that it fires her up. Not only does Jack take every opportunity to victimize Anita, but he also does an exceptional job of using oppressive statements to bring her down. The way that Jack suggests that Anita drop whatever it is she is occupying her fife with at that time and go to take care of her sisters children whilst her sister is sick is oppressive because even though he is the one who is totally jobless, and evidently without any true role to play in society, because Anita is a woman, it must be her role to step in. Not only does Jack not volunteer himself to take care of his sisters kids, Lanai also has a healthy husband who is completely cap blew Of caring for the kids, but because of the time period, it would still be rather unheard of, and in some ways looked down on. As Anita tries rid herself of Jack, and have him leave the house, but as he refuses to sites, her boyfriend Clive steps in and firmly encourages the pig to step down, and just leave. However, unsurprisingly Jack shows no interest in leaving and even has the nerve to add that he had no reason for wanting to leave since he had such a fine sister to take care of him. This is Jacks way of attempting to force a traditionally female role onto his sister, who has showed clear evidence she has absolutely no interest in that lifestyle. From the beginning of the short story where Anita thinks of the previous boy she had been interested in, oppression of women is elaborately built into many aspects of the story. The fact that her ex-interest had tried to get her to drop the scholarship she had very obviously worked so hard for, is the perfect case to use to back up the idea that oppression was quite predominant in this story. His reason for having her drop her scholarship to take care of him is that hes male and has more right to an education than a female, which is beyond the realm of oppressive speech. The audience is very briefly introduced to four female characters who are evidently very tragic. Three of these four female characters are sisters to Anita, One had fallen ill, the Other Was in recovery from a surgery, and the hard sister was sick prior to today. The fourth person was Antas mother. The sisters are significantly more tragic characters in comparison to Anita because in the very least Anita still has her health. Lanai, Rosier, and Kit were all suffering from severe health declines, and their mother had to do her time as a parent. The age that her mother had to raise children in was very different than what Anita would ever have to deal with. Her mother is much more tragic because she was never even granted the opportunity to make something of herself, or get an education. Not only was Anita presented the opportunity to get an education, but she was able to make her own choice as to whether or not she would get married. It is a great deal more tragic that the mother and sisters dont have the opportunities that Anita has had and will continue to have, than the problems that Anita deals with, such as her obnoxious brother. Imitation is an advanced behavior whereby an individual observes, and replicates another actions or behavior. The story points out that Anita goes up the stairs in her house to get a different pair of pants, which is an important part of the story because it displays the way women began to do hinges that had previously been acceptable only for men, such as wearing pants. It was a way to imitate men to show that women were equal, and could do the same things as men if they wanted to. They could have the same jobs, wear the same clothes, and smoke etc. Which were all things that only men were entitled to historically. The way that Anita treats Jack in return for the way that he talks to her is a massive give away for the stage of imitation because it makes it quite obvious that Anita is trying to build her confidence by mimicking Jacks obvious sense of self confidence. Anita wearing the trousers makes overlap between imitation and protest because it is be categorized as protest as well. Traditionally, women only wore skirts or dresses, thats just how it was, but when the 1 sass rolled around, it slowly became more and more popular for women to wear pants, as a form of protest against the divide between men and womens roles. Pants were a massive symbol for the feminist movement during that time. After a battle to overcome the factorization, oppression, and overall mistreatment, Anita comes to a moment of self-realization. After a heated conversation trying to Orca Jack to leave her house, Anita becomes fed up, and her strong emotions bubble over, she begins to beat on Jack, and she realizes the true level of her strength and ability. Throughout the story the audience can detect that Anita has somewhat of a sense of self, but it isnt until the end where she lashes out, that Anita can experience the essential stage of self-realization. Marina Engel paints an intricate mental image for the audience of what kind of expectations were held for females in the sasss, whether it be roles in society, or the things that they could accomplish. Engel uses symbols, Roding, and characters to clearly portray the oppression and factorization of women in the assess. Regardless Of the fact that Marina does not directly tell the audience the events that were occurring or the way women were viewed, the male ideals for a female are represented crystal clear in this literary work.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Faculty, Quizzes, and a New Learning Management System Research Paper

Faculty, Quizzes, and a New Learning Management System - Research Paper Example One of the ways in which a researcher performing forecasting for any market variable such as stock market volatility can ensure that the forecasting is accurate and authentic is through the use of time series analysis. This is because in time series analysis, researchers make use of existing figures and facts in drawing conclusions (Ziya, Dogan and Kelecioglu, 2010). One interesting phenomenon about time series that make them appropriate for forecasting is the cyclical nature of business. Because of the business cycle that is normally observed in a typical economic environment, there are various cyclical components of time series analysis that makes it possible to forecast based on the assumption that the trends with the behavior of market variables will always remain the same (Williams and Monge, 2000). Indeed in the absence of such cyclical components, forecasting would be virtually impossible because key market variables that could make it possible to make predictions about the market would have to be investigated for each time a time series analysis has to be performed. A typical component of a business cycle is the fact that there are periods of prosperity, which are followed with recession, depression, before recovery (Grebennikov and Shah, 2013). All such cyclical components enhance forecasting. Ziya, E., Dogan, N. and Kelecioglu, H. (2010). What Is the Predict Level of Which Computer Using Skills Measured in PISA for Achievement in Mathematics. Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology , 9(4),

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Critically evaluate a specific issue related to the management of Essay

Critically evaluate a specific issue related to the management of paediatric patients with a systemic malignancy - Essay Example emic malignancy treatment in children have indicated that the treatment has particular adverse impacts that present years following the initial treatment termed as late effects. From the conclusions of the reviewed literature, it becomes clearer that management of childhood systemic malignancies have late effects on them as they grow and develop. This paper will seek to discuss the late effects that result from the management of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and brain tumors on pediatric patients, in this case regarding their neuro-cognitive development. In addition, because the neuro-cognitive deficits resulting from systemic malignancy management will cause psychosocial deficits, these will also be discussed as part of the paper. Finally, the paper will also briefly discuss how these late effects can be managed to improve the lives of the pediatric patients in later life, which is important because it is recognised that survivors of childhood systemic malignancy need follow-up care. The care model for pediatric systemic malignancy patients revolves around a risk-based approach that incorporates risks based on co-morbid health conditions and lifestyle behaviours (Carroll & Finlay 2010, p. 45). Deficits in neuro-cognitive function are commonly experienced by survivors of childhood systemic malignancy, manifesting in various domains such as language, visual-spatial skills, verbal memory, psychomotor skills, processing speed, executive functioning, concentration, and attention. While Bottomley & Kassner (2003, p. 129) contend that it has also been found that these deficits manifest across academic performance and intellectual functioning, it is important to note that these deficits are only limited to systemic malignancies like brain tumors and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. From the reading, it is probable that this is mostly caused by treatment directed at the CNS and the irreparable damage caused to a growing CNS, which results in neuro-cognitive deficits in later

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Engineering ethics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Engineering ethics - Assignment Example The National Society of Professional Engineers that is based in the United States of America put forward guidelines to do with Professional Behavior and Standards of Ethics to be upheld by Engineers in 1946. These Rules involving Professional Conduct and Canons of Ethics that were supposed to be followed by Engineers evolved to the current Code of Ethics, implemented in 1964. These appeals eventually resulted to the formation of the Board of Ethical Review in 1954. Cases in engineering that involve ethics are very hard to solve due to the fact that they lack appropriate answers, but the 500 professional engineering consultants and advisors from the Board of Ethical Review have assisted in passing judgment on such cases and also shedding some light to the ethical matters engineers face in a day to day basis. Presently, subornation and administrative dishonesty is being dealt with by a number of professional organizations and commercial groups all over the world.  Nevertheless, different matters have come up, they include:  offshoring,  viable progress, and environmental conservation, that the engineering business is required to deliberate on and look into. When looking into engineering ethics one ethical predicament is the fact that an engineer is required to put forward the name of any engineer going against the engineering Code of Ethics to the proper authority. This is due to the fact that this engineer going against the engineering Code of Ethics or standards may pose a conceivable risk to civilians from a customer or business not adhering to the engineers instructions. Looking at the first ethical standards required by the engineering Code of Ethics, this responsibility supersedes the obligation to a customer and/or employer. An engineer could get into trouble by having their license annulled, even in the case that refusal to report that kind of a threat to the relevant authorities does not lead to any loss of human life or injuries. In most instances, this

Friday, November 15, 2019

FDI Policies of India and China

FDI Policies of India and China Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1. Overview Foreign Direct Investment is a hot topic in most policy circles as it is associated in many instances with significant macroeconomic changes and improvements in the range of goods and services produced in recipient countries. Furthermore growth in recipient countries is often ascribed to these inflows and so competition for higher inflows of FDI has become competitive. Most of the developing and developed countries increase their economy by enhancing their share in the global market through FDI inflows. As FDI shows more impact on the countrys economy, most of the foreigners are investing their amount in other countries for improving their profits with less manpower and minimum initial cost. These inflows were easily achieved by the investors by just fulfilling their basic requirements and maintaining their policies. FDI can be used by the countries only when they meet some of the major requirements like transfer of capital, a source of funds for foreign operations, Control investmen t and a balance of payments flow (Nicolas, B., 2010). Even though the FDI inflows in developing countries are low that is nearly 5%, this shows more impact on the economy in terms of the development programs by introducing new technologies. This change will be occurred only in the surroundings of investment areas. Here, in this research the FDI inflows between India and China are studied by comparing both the countries. Further of this study clearly explains the various aspects that are considered by the India and China for increasing the FDI inflows in the global market and also illustrates the policies that are followed by China as most of the investors prefer China when compare to the India. Finally, it recommends some of the policies and the changes that need to be made by the Indian Government for improving its FDI inflows. 1.2. Aim and Objectives Aim: To study the variations between the FDI policies of Indian and China based on their inflows and overall performance of the economy. Objectives: To study the importance of FDI and the required fundamental policies for acquiring the FDI. To research on the impact of FDI inflows in India and China based on their overall performance. Identifying the possible steps for Indian policy makers for improving their FDI inflows. Statistically evaluating the comparison between India and China in terms of FDI inflows. 1.3. Purpose of Study This study mainly focuses on the Foreign Direct Investment, the role of FDI in India and China and also illustrates the comparison between these two countries in terms of FDI. This research is selected in order to know more about the investments made by the developing countries and the involvement in international financial banking markets to influence the global and political aspects. This study is mostly useful for the people who are willing to know about the role played by FDI in the fast growing countries like India and China where these two countries differs in their environmental conditions. While researching about the FDI in both countries, one can easily analyze that China is showing more interest in attracting the FDI and is leading their economy when compare to India. So in order to clearly investigate on this point, this study also focuses on the aspects and the policies that need to be designed by the Indian country for attracting the investors and also to increase the ov erall performance of the economy by raising the inflows when compared to China. 1.4. Research Context In this study the researcher is focused on the worlds largest two most populated countries: India and China with a greatest history background. These two countries are known to be fast growing countries in the world and are known for their ample facilities and environmental conditions. These two countries are economically improving their standards in terms of technology and infrastructural growth. However, China is considered to be more positive in terms of attracting FDIs and are almost leading the comparison with India. In this research the time is a biggest constrain and to understand the research physically is really a tough target for the researcher by visiting both countries to meet and interview/ survey the financial organizations experts from various locations. However it is also noticed that in India only the FDI policies are changing from place to place based on the local governments rules and regulations. All the major rules and regulations governed by RBI and Government o f India are applicable, addition to that the investing company also needs to ensure that the environmental and ethical issues are not disturbed by the foreign investors in local and urban areas of various parts of India. As an example, there are some pilgrim places of India which does not allow non vegetarian food or related items so in that circumstance neither Government of India or RBI cannot allow the foreigners to invest their amount for a restaurant or bar and etc. Similarly in China it is one of the largest countries in the world and is having different cultures and backgrounds with in the country. Hence from the above context it is understood that this research will mainly focus on the secondary data available and in some areas it can get into the help of people related to the financial and banking industry. 1.5. Research Methodology For conducting any type of research, the data needs to be gathered by the researcher where this collected information should be in such a way that it is valid and accurate. Researcher need to choose a suitable method from various research methods, by which the researcher can successfully finish the research. Generally there exist two different types, primary data and secondary data. Primary data mainly focus on the aim of the research where the researcher can easily collects the information from various methods like surveys, interviews, etc. Where as in the secondary data, the researcher can collect the data only from the sources like journals, books, magazines, online articles, etc. where the researcher need to collect the accurate data as these recourses will not focus on the aim of research (Kumar, R., 2005). Here in this research, researcher collects the information through secondary data as the main aim of this research is to compare the FDI inflows in both India and China. As t he time is the biggest constrain, it will be really tough target for the researcher to select the primary data as the researcher either need to do interview /survey with the concern persons by visiting two countries where it cannot be possible with the period of time. So, its better to prefer secondary data for gathering accurate information for the research by referring various resources. Hence, the research can be successfully completed by analyzing the collected information and drawing the conclusion from this data. Chapter 2: Literature review 2.1. Overview This chapter will provide the suitable information and required material for completing research successfully with no issues during the research process. At the same time the literature review gives a basic idea about the research problem solving background with additional material from their related background history. The growth of multinational enterprise (MNE) activity in foreign direct investment (FDI) has grown at a faster rate than most other international transactions as well as the trade flows between countries. The research literature review covers the objects related to foreign direct investment, detailed introduction and description of FDI and impacts of FDI. International Monetary Fund (IMF) has defined the FDI as an international investment of one company with the target of enduring relationship i.e. Investments made by company must exceed the equity of Target Company by 10%. The major requirements of the investors will help in faster growth of their organization which is explained by Nicolas, B. (2010) in terms of Control investments, supply of funds for foreign operations, a balance of payments flow and Capital transfers. 2.2. Brief History and background of Foreign Direct Investment In the present world, there exist various investment techniques for the corporations for increasing their growth. If these industries lacks in making right decisions in their investment then it may lead to reduce their growth and their level in the global market. So, many of the countries prefer Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) compare to other techniques because most of the corporations get affected financially due to their investment decisions. Mostly FDI is preferred as it is considered as an integral part of an open and effective international economic system and also referred as the major catalyst to development (OECD, 2002). In the present market, USA stood a number one position in FDI flows. According to Nicolas Breitfeld (2010, p.1), Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is defined by the IMF as an international investment of one company with the intention of lasting relationship. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) plays an important role in the financial sector. Generally most of the countries believe that increasing the international linkages through FDI is an important feature of financial globalization and elevates the major challenges for statistics and policymakers in industrial and developing countries (Neil, K. P., 2004). Further of this section, it clearly discusses the views of authors on FDI, the importance of FDI and mainly focuses on the issues that are being faced by the countries while introducing the FDI. Even-though authors define Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in different ways based on their research it is mainly mend to development on countrys and globalization. Some of the authors views on FDI are discussed below: According to Organization for Economic Co-Operation and development (OECD) (2008, p.62), Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) occurs when a business located in one country (the direct investor) invests in a business located in another country (the direct investment enterprise) with the objective of creating a strategic and a lasting relationship. Here, the author suggests that occurrence of FDI exists only when the business persons invests their money in another country. They invest their income in another country by making some rules and regulations in their relationship. But according to Alexander, L. and IMFD, (2002), foreign direct investment defined as the integration of three components which are illustrated below: The branch profits need to be distributed and divided in equity without any holding withholding taxes. Accrued interest need to be paid to the direct investor by the direct investment enterprise, this can also be referred as income on debt. Earnings are reinvested in proportion with the direct investment stake. In this context, author says that the investment and the interest benefited by the business people need to be redistributed in an equal proportion among the investor and the direct investment enterprise. At the same time, Neil, K. P. (2004, p.3), discusses that according to BPM5 (Balance of Payments Manual) FDI defined as a category of international investment that reflects the objective of a resident in one economy (the direct investor) obtaining a lasting interest in an enterprise resident in another economy (the direct investment enterprise). ÂÂ  Here, the author discuss that FDI indirectly affects the economy of another country as the other country invest their income on another country for gaining interest on their investment. Even though the opinions and views of the authors differs in defining the FDI but all the authors focus on only one point that is the benefit dragged by the investor and the direct investment enterprise. These investors of get benefited globally with FDI on the interest on their investment and also increases their international linkages with the industries established in another country. ÂÂ   2.3. Impacts of FDI Foreign Direct Investment is considered as a driver of economic growth and development for developing countries which often lack the technology or capital to promote sustained economic growth and development. Mostly, FDI is considered as one of the major drivers of globalization as it continuously raises with the high growth rates before the financial crisis hit the world economy. The way through which FDI promotes economic growth and development to the countries is contentious because there is no definitive evidence and lags in supporting the literature. Even though there is no empirical evidence in representing the impact of FDI on the countries there are some theoretical explanations from which one can easily analyse the impacts of FDI on developed and developing countries. According to Bora, B. (2002, p.168), FDI flows were increasing rapidly much more quickly than international trade flows, which in turn were increasing faster than world GDP. Laura Alfaro (2003) says that FDI of fers great advantages to host countries because many of the academics and policy makers argue that there exists a most important positive effect on the development of host countries. FDI not only acts as the source of the valuable technology but also helps the countries in developing the linkages with the local firms that indirectly helps the country in raising the economy. Due to these reasons, most of the developing and industrialized countries offer incentive for encouraging the FDI in their economies. The environmental impacts of foreign direct investment may be positive, negative or neutral based on the institutional and industrial context. Gorg and Greenwood (2002) comes under a conclusion that the effect due to FDI is negative by reviewing the information from the foreign-owned to domestically owned firms. But Lipsey (2002) supports the positive benefits in preferring FDI. FDI flows attained a new record level right from the year 1990 to 2000. Then, from the year 2001 the gro wth in the investment failed and the later years it saw a steady and steep decline in global FDI flows. , Figure: Shows trends in global FDI flows during the year 1991 to 2003 (FDI, 2007, p.7). FDI affects the economic growth of the country in various aspects like it raises the formation of human capital, provides a facility to transfer the technology between the host countries and also stimulates the domestic investment. The relationship between the impact of FDI and economic growth can be easily analyzed with the help of production function and also with the other variables that affect economic growth such as domestic, trade, labour and capital (Falki, N. 2009). Production function was done based on the endogenous growth. According to Kumar, N. (1998, p.112), Direct investment was thought of mainly as a flow of capital, possibly replacing local capital or possibly representing marginal additions to the host countrys capital stock, followed by the necessity of financing dividends and interest, and possibly repatriation of capital. Some of the authors studied on the impact of FDI on economic growth in developing countries where those opinions are illustrated below: Authors views on Does FDI promote Economic Growth in developing countries S.No. Authors name Researched during the year Does FDI promote Economic Growth in developing countries (Yes/No/May be) Explanation 1. Balasubramanyam 1996, 1999 May be Requires open or neutral trade regime 2. Borensztein 1998 May be Depends on education level of workforce 3. De Mello 1999 May be Depends on degree of complementarily and substitution between FDI and domestic investment 4. Graham and Wada 2001 Yes Raised per capita GDP in Chinese provinces with FDI concentration 5. Graham 1995 May be TNCs market power can generate negative impacts 6. Loungani and Razin 2001 May be Risks 7. Lim 2001 May be Depends on tax incentives, regulatory and legal impediments, macroeconomic instability 8. Marino 2000 May be Requires open trade and investment policies 9. Mallampallyand Sauvant 1999 May be Requires human resource development, information and other infrastructure 10. Markusen and Venables 1999 Yes Raises productivity and exports of domestic firms, generates spillovers 11. Rodrik 1999 No Reverse causality: TNCs locate, rather than drive growth, in more productive and faster growing countries Table: Shows the authors explanation on Does FDI Promote Economic Growth in developing Countriesthis is a question? (LyubaZarsky, 2005, p.25) From the above table, it can be understood that out of 11 authors, only 2 authors support that FDI promotes economic growth in the developing countries as they explain that it raises the productivity, exports of domestic firms and stated a practical example that it raised the percapita GDP of china government with the help of FDI. Rodrik, opposed the views of the other authors on supporting the FDI as based on their research. From Rodrik research, it has been stated that it doesnt shown impact rather it was derived as a reverse causality. Apart from these three authors, the remaining 8 authors were in a dynamo whether to support the FDI or not because all these authors states that the impact on FDI on economic growth depends only on the circumstances that the author considers but not on any other aspects. For example: FDI shows more impact on economic growth only when the government fulfil some basic needs such as require open trade, investment policies, human resource development, i nformation, other infrastructure, etc. If these requirements are fulfilled by the government then automatically it get benefited with the FDI but if it fails in reaching those needs then it may face some risks due to the policies and the agreement between the countries. Hence, it can be stated that impacts of FDI directly depends on the situations and circumstances that are being considered by the government. By tightening of international financial conditions will have as awful effect on inflows of FDI. In the recent years, this has been main source of assets for many countries (U. N. Staff. 2009).FDI shows more effect on the economic growth of the countries as it provides various benefits to the countries that acquire FDI are illustrated below (Khan Arshad, 2007): Introduces the latest techniques and technologies of marketing and management with the help of FDI, the developing countries can know more about the latest techniques and the technologies that are being used by the developed countries. By acquiring and implementing these latest technologies in the developing countries, to some extent it can increase its growth in terms of economy. Exploitation and utilization of local raw materials usage of raw materials in the countries will be increased by exporting these excess materials to other countries and get benefited with them by importing other raw materials from other country which are shortage in their countries. Can be easily access to the new technologies as there will be a rapid flow between the countries, each of the country can know more easily about the other country and their religion. Based on this analysis, it can assess and access the technologies in their own region by making contract with the other countries. Financial flows between the countries Foreign inflows between the countries are used for financing current account deficits. The finance flows between the countries are transferred in the form of FDI where it doesnt generate interests and repayment of principal but internally raises the human capital stock through job training. Chapter 3: Empirical Literature on FDI based on INDIA and CHINA 3.1. Effects of FDI on all other countries when compared with India and china The existence of a strong negative relationship between trade share and country size was supported by the literature on trade and development. Country size and trade ratio are inversely proportional in size (larger the size of the country smaller is the trade ratio), the foreign trade, investment, and technology transfer between countries will directly affect the degree of sincerity and competitive pressures emanating from abroad (Pieter, B. 2007). Thus, the impact of these competitive pressures would be much less in a large country such as China and India than that among other East Asian NICs. In recent years china had recognized its need towards foreign trade, investment and technology with the aim of modernization, nothing like the Third World developing countries (India) that impoverished foreign capital. 1984-85 1994-95 1999-2000 2004-05 2006 2007 World 2.2 4.8 18.3 9.0 12.9 14.8 Developed economies 2.1 3.9 19.1 7.7 12.80 15.6 Developing economies 2.8 8.1 15.8 11.9 12.5 12.6 Developing Asia 2.3 7.9 12.1 9.9 11.0 10.6 East Asia 1.9 9.0 14.8 9.3 8.7 8.6 China 1.8 15.9 10.4 7.7 6.4 5.9 South Asia 0.2 1.7 2.4 3.3 6.2 5.7 India 0.1 1.7 2.7 3.1 6.6 5.8 Table 2: shows FDI inflow as percentage of gross domestic fixed capital formation (GDFCF), 1944 -2007. (Source: Prema, C. A. 2009, p.379) The average annual level of FDI inflow for developing Asia had raced sharply from US$ 19 billion during 1984 1985 to US$ 500 billion till 2007, at the same time share to developing countries have raised from 15.1 to 17.4 percent which is shown in the above table. The gross domestic fixed capital (GDFCF) as a share of FDI inflow is higher for all the developing countries in the period 1984 1996 and reversal due to the Asian financial crisis during 1997 98. FDI inflow for developing Asia with the average FDI/GDFCF ratio during entire period 1984 2007 is approximately 9 percent and 7.1 per cent when compared with all the developing countries at the same time the global average is 7.4 per cent. China is the recipient country of inward flow and the largest developing country from past two decades where it has been investigated a theoretical increase in inflow with in developing Asia. Among all the countries china was in the second position for total FDI flow as per the ASEAN countries , with increased average annual level of US$ 3 billion during 2000-2007, and from the year 1980 to 1997 almost before six years china was in the second half with US$ 30 billion which was the onset effect of financial crises from 1997-98, due to decline and with determination from about US$ 35 billion per annum before the year 1997 to an annual average of about US$ 24 billion between 1997-79. Establishment of export-oriented industries is heavily concentrated by chinas FDI, there observation on the share of FIEs for total exports in transition economies of china is two percent of expended persistently before 1980 and approximately 60 percent by the year 2006. India process to increases FDI participation in export- oriented activities which had remained at a outlier region of FDI whose one/third FDI during the independence in 1947 was a major amount of stock as a primary sector with plantation, mining and oil at the same time one/forth was the manufacturing and all the remaining stock s are in services, mostly trade, construction, transportation and utilities. The inflow started increasing in manufacturing from 1960s although with a divestment from this sector of FDI, since, low-wages, low skilled manpower are the Indias huge supply it can attract garments and other simple assembly activities which would indirectly favor the heavy foreign investment industry thus primarily focusing towards domestic market. From mid 1990s a slight increase in software is observed as well as significant competition with the world market at industrial production was not notable (Park, J. H. 2002).some of the difficulties which are to be faced and over come for fast development of the country . India faced many difficulties to attract foreign investors in both products and services market now it is only success to service industry of IT mainly. In order to overcome these difficulties to stimulate domestic demand this is given in three steps: The interest rates should be competitive in RBI. Value added tax (VAT) are to be implemented. Reduce the budget deficit through government. Figure: shows the financial states of India and china GDP the total chinas financial assets is approximately 220 per cent of GDP at the same time Indias financial assets is 160 per cent, countries savings and investment is the great strength for chinas financial system and Indias financial system is outside occur in savings and investments (Sources: Slide share 2008, slide No:18). 3.2. Fundamental policies of FDI India followed market-distorting policies on both foreign and private investments thus with this estimation about barriers for imports and exports are analyzed. Thus it become necessary to control the production and distribution as well as administered price controls etc. The impacts of opening up policies are likely to open up with foreign trade, investment and technology transfer, which would be much less in large countries of china and India when compared with all other East Asian NICs. Chinas opening policies in recent years is the success story with the favorable impact is not only for small economies but also for all large continental economies. China and India may not suffer from a large country constriction for adopting the export-oriented, outward-looking development strategy considerably (Park, J. H. 2002). The reformist policy is to fill the domestic savings gap which is necessary for economic development with foreign capital inflows, along with other goals in advanced for eign technology and managerial skills, and to promote exports to increase the foreign exchange earnings of the country. Due to open-door policy Chinas trade and inflow of foreign direct investment and loans are impressive, thus within a very short time china became a major exporting country, and an export competitor with the East Asian NICs (Newly Industrializing Countries) and ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) countries in the Asia Pacific region. The opening policies in china have contributed to the countrys economic growth and development considering all domestic economic events. The Indias economic reforms undertaken in 1991 in light of Chinas experience with the export-oriented, foreign direct investment strategy for economic growth and development which has been examined with superiority of export-oriented, outward-looking development strategies. Thus China can provide important lessons and policy implications in economic development for all Third World developing countries like India. The success story of china open to worlds economy made it ideal for studying the relationship between trade and development as well as for testing the validity of export-promoting development strategy. 3.3. Historical Background and National Goals 3.3.1. History of FDI in India The generational explanation of history is given as follows after Indias independence: during 1947 to 48 there was the British owned the private foreign capital through the national policies resolution which is Swadeshi movement Industrial policy. In the next generation i.e. from 1949 to 1953 foreign investments where far away from trio of domestic business house with foreign capital as well as with the government nationalist sentiments. The second Economic plan was launched in 1957 as industrialization through import substitution and encouraging private investment. Some of the selected industries got foreign collaboration and JV mostly manufacturing companies which are retained participation in India FDI since 1960s, the devaluation of rupee encouraged the socialist idealism banks and foreign oil majors nationalized after late 1960s. After almost 8 years in 1968 the foreign investment board had encouraging investments on there own terms and conduction. In the year 1973as per the F oreign Exchange Act (FERA) which launched a new article that all firms should come together for their foreign equity, holding 40% of foreign equity to be considered as Indian companies due to which IBM as well as coca cola is exited. After seven years of strict vigilance on FDI, from the year 1980 licensing procedures were liberalized to softened, technology transfer and royalty payments relaxed, foreign investment was encouraged wherever possible. During 1900-s rupee value got down, withdrawal of NRI money, India turned to IMF; there was liberalization on trade regime and regulatory frame work. Many of the industries were invited by FDI and in some cases limit was increased from 51% to 100%. The service sector was again opened for FDI. The political instability after 1995 had started but a perception towards FDI had changed due to changes in government kept focus on FDI. 3.3.2. History of FDI in China China has joined the joint venture with other countries in the year1979, and by the year 1986 china became fully foreign owned enterprise. It was divided into four zones namely Shantou, Shenzhen, and Xiamen in the year 1980. After four years in 1984 it was found that chinas economic zone has fourteen cities and whole china combined by late 1900s. There was a rapid economic growth in reform period due to profusion of labour and its low costs, Rapid expansion of Chinas domestic market at the same time plays important role of overseas Chinese for increasing integration with world economy. The marketing effects are generally obtained by imports and exports in both bilateral countries. FDI is very essential for developing countries for Off setting the capital deficiency, Acquiring advanced technology, Gaining production know-how, Promoting exports as well as to Table 2: shows FDI in India-China products Trade (in million US Dollars). (Source: Prema, C. A. 2009, p.379) The two highest population countries of the world are India and China which together contain approximately 40 per cent of the worlds humidity on an adjacent landmass in Asia. Both countries are pride in birthplace of civilization entering the era of sharing worlds greatest development problem. The underdeveloped areas of these two countries is due to huge population relative to land and other resources, around 1950s there was no commitment to national planning for economic modernization as there was new governments of China and India, led by Mao Zedong and Jawaharlal Nehru so as to eliminate poverty and raise the standard of living (Park, J. H. 2002). Approaches to Development: Some of the important characteristics shared within India and China as the wealth of people relative to other rare resources such as arable land, natural resources, and capital suggesting the appropriate strategies for development would have involved production of labor-intensive goods. Among these some are exchanged for imports of capital goods and technology as per the necessity for development. For economic FDI Policies of India and China FDI Policies of India and China Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1. Overview Foreign Direct Investment is a hot topic in most policy circles as it is associated in many instances with significant macroeconomic changes and improvements in the range of goods and services produced in recipient countries. Furthermore growth in recipient countries is often ascribed to these inflows and so competition for higher inflows of FDI has become competitive. Most of the developing and developed countries increase their economy by enhancing their share in the global market through FDI inflows. As FDI shows more impact on the countrys economy, most of the foreigners are investing their amount in other countries for improving their profits with less manpower and minimum initial cost. These inflows were easily achieved by the investors by just fulfilling their basic requirements and maintaining their policies. FDI can be used by the countries only when they meet some of the major requirements like transfer of capital, a source of funds for foreign operations, Control investmen t and a balance of payments flow (Nicolas, B., 2010). Even though the FDI inflows in developing countries are low that is nearly 5%, this shows more impact on the economy in terms of the development programs by introducing new technologies. This change will be occurred only in the surroundings of investment areas. Here, in this research the FDI inflows between India and China are studied by comparing both the countries. Further of this study clearly explains the various aspects that are considered by the India and China for increasing the FDI inflows in the global market and also illustrates the policies that are followed by China as most of the investors prefer China when compare to the India. Finally, it recommends some of the policies and the changes that need to be made by the Indian Government for improving its FDI inflows. 1.2. Aim and Objectives Aim: To study the variations between the FDI policies of Indian and China based on their inflows and overall performance of the economy. Objectives: To study the importance of FDI and the required fundamental policies for acquiring the FDI. To research on the impact of FDI inflows in India and China based on their overall performance. Identifying the possible steps for Indian policy makers for improving their FDI inflows. Statistically evaluating the comparison between India and China in terms of FDI inflows. 1.3. Purpose of Study This study mainly focuses on the Foreign Direct Investment, the role of FDI in India and China and also illustrates the comparison between these two countries in terms of FDI. This research is selected in order to know more about the investments made by the developing countries and the involvement in international financial banking markets to influence the global and political aspects. This study is mostly useful for the people who are willing to know about the role played by FDI in the fast growing countries like India and China where these two countries differs in their environmental conditions. While researching about the FDI in both countries, one can easily analyze that China is showing more interest in attracting the FDI and is leading their economy when compare to India. So in order to clearly investigate on this point, this study also focuses on the aspects and the policies that need to be designed by the Indian country for attracting the investors and also to increase the ov erall performance of the economy by raising the inflows when compared to China. 1.4. Research Context In this study the researcher is focused on the worlds largest two most populated countries: India and China with a greatest history background. These two countries are known to be fast growing countries in the world and are known for their ample facilities and environmental conditions. These two countries are economically improving their standards in terms of technology and infrastructural growth. However, China is considered to be more positive in terms of attracting FDIs and are almost leading the comparison with India. In this research the time is a biggest constrain and to understand the research physically is really a tough target for the researcher by visiting both countries to meet and interview/ survey the financial organizations experts from various locations. However it is also noticed that in India only the FDI policies are changing from place to place based on the local governments rules and regulations. All the major rules and regulations governed by RBI and Government o f India are applicable, addition to that the investing company also needs to ensure that the environmental and ethical issues are not disturbed by the foreign investors in local and urban areas of various parts of India. As an example, there are some pilgrim places of India which does not allow non vegetarian food or related items so in that circumstance neither Government of India or RBI cannot allow the foreigners to invest their amount for a restaurant or bar and etc. Similarly in China it is one of the largest countries in the world and is having different cultures and backgrounds with in the country. Hence from the above context it is understood that this research will mainly focus on the secondary data available and in some areas it can get into the help of people related to the financial and banking industry. 1.5. Research Methodology For conducting any type of research, the data needs to be gathered by the researcher where this collected information should be in such a way that it is valid and accurate. Researcher need to choose a suitable method from various research methods, by which the researcher can successfully finish the research. Generally there exist two different types, primary data and secondary data. Primary data mainly focus on the aim of the research where the researcher can easily collects the information from various methods like surveys, interviews, etc. Where as in the secondary data, the researcher can collect the data only from the sources like journals, books, magazines, online articles, etc. where the researcher need to collect the accurate data as these recourses will not focus on the aim of research (Kumar, R., 2005). Here in this research, researcher collects the information through secondary data as the main aim of this research is to compare the FDI inflows in both India and China. As t he time is the biggest constrain, it will be really tough target for the researcher to select the primary data as the researcher either need to do interview /survey with the concern persons by visiting two countries where it cannot be possible with the period of time. So, its better to prefer secondary data for gathering accurate information for the research by referring various resources. Hence, the research can be successfully completed by analyzing the collected information and drawing the conclusion from this data. Chapter 2: Literature review 2.1. Overview This chapter will provide the suitable information and required material for completing research successfully with no issues during the research process. At the same time the literature review gives a basic idea about the research problem solving background with additional material from their related background history. The growth of multinational enterprise (MNE) activity in foreign direct investment (FDI) has grown at a faster rate than most other international transactions as well as the trade flows between countries. The research literature review covers the objects related to foreign direct investment, detailed introduction and description of FDI and impacts of FDI. International Monetary Fund (IMF) has defined the FDI as an international investment of one company with the target of enduring relationship i.e. Investments made by company must exceed the equity of Target Company by 10%. The major requirements of the investors will help in faster growth of their organization which is explained by Nicolas, B. (2010) in terms of Control investments, supply of funds for foreign operations, a balance of payments flow and Capital transfers. 2.2. Brief History and background of Foreign Direct Investment In the present world, there exist various investment techniques for the corporations for increasing their growth. If these industries lacks in making right decisions in their investment then it may lead to reduce their growth and their level in the global market. So, many of the countries prefer Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) compare to other techniques because most of the corporations get affected financially due to their investment decisions. Mostly FDI is preferred as it is considered as an integral part of an open and effective international economic system and also referred as the major catalyst to development (OECD, 2002). In the present market, USA stood a number one position in FDI flows. According to Nicolas Breitfeld (2010, p.1), Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is defined by the IMF as an international investment of one company with the intention of lasting relationship. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) plays an important role in the financial sector. Generally most of the countries believe that increasing the international linkages through FDI is an important feature of financial globalization and elevates the major challenges for statistics and policymakers in industrial and developing countries (Neil, K. P., 2004). Further of this section, it clearly discusses the views of authors on FDI, the importance of FDI and mainly focuses on the issues that are being faced by the countries while introducing the FDI. Even-though authors define Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in different ways based on their research it is mainly mend to development on countrys and globalization. Some of the authors views on FDI are discussed below: According to Organization for Economic Co-Operation and development (OECD) (2008, p.62), Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) occurs when a business located in one country (the direct investor) invests in a business located in another country (the direct investment enterprise) with the objective of creating a strategic and a lasting relationship. Here, the author suggests that occurrence of FDI exists only when the business persons invests their money in another country. They invest their income in another country by making some rules and regulations in their relationship. But according to Alexander, L. and IMFD, (2002), foreign direct investment defined as the integration of three components which are illustrated below: The branch profits need to be distributed and divided in equity without any holding withholding taxes. Accrued interest need to be paid to the direct investor by the direct investment enterprise, this can also be referred as income on debt. Earnings are reinvested in proportion with the direct investment stake. In this context, author says that the investment and the interest benefited by the business people need to be redistributed in an equal proportion among the investor and the direct investment enterprise. At the same time, Neil, K. P. (2004, p.3), discusses that according to BPM5 (Balance of Payments Manual) FDI defined as a category of international investment that reflects the objective of a resident in one economy (the direct investor) obtaining a lasting interest in an enterprise resident in another economy (the direct investment enterprise). ÂÂ  Here, the author discuss that FDI indirectly affects the economy of another country as the other country invest their income on another country for gaining interest on their investment. Even though the opinions and views of the authors differs in defining the FDI but all the authors focus on only one point that is the benefit dragged by the investor and the direct investment enterprise. These investors of get benefited globally with FDI on the interest on their investment and also increases their international linkages with the industries established in another country. ÂÂ   2.3. Impacts of FDI Foreign Direct Investment is considered as a driver of economic growth and development for developing countries which often lack the technology or capital to promote sustained economic growth and development. Mostly, FDI is considered as one of the major drivers of globalization as it continuously raises with the high growth rates before the financial crisis hit the world economy. The way through which FDI promotes economic growth and development to the countries is contentious because there is no definitive evidence and lags in supporting the literature. Even though there is no empirical evidence in representing the impact of FDI on the countries there are some theoretical explanations from which one can easily analyse the impacts of FDI on developed and developing countries. According to Bora, B. (2002, p.168), FDI flows were increasing rapidly much more quickly than international trade flows, which in turn were increasing faster than world GDP. Laura Alfaro (2003) says that FDI of fers great advantages to host countries because many of the academics and policy makers argue that there exists a most important positive effect on the development of host countries. FDI not only acts as the source of the valuable technology but also helps the countries in developing the linkages with the local firms that indirectly helps the country in raising the economy. Due to these reasons, most of the developing and industrialized countries offer incentive for encouraging the FDI in their economies. The environmental impacts of foreign direct investment may be positive, negative or neutral based on the institutional and industrial context. Gorg and Greenwood (2002) comes under a conclusion that the effect due to FDI is negative by reviewing the information from the foreign-owned to domestically owned firms. But Lipsey (2002) supports the positive benefits in preferring FDI. FDI flows attained a new record level right from the year 1990 to 2000. Then, from the year 2001 the gro wth in the investment failed and the later years it saw a steady and steep decline in global FDI flows. , Figure: Shows trends in global FDI flows during the year 1991 to 2003 (FDI, 2007, p.7). FDI affects the economic growth of the country in various aspects like it raises the formation of human capital, provides a facility to transfer the technology between the host countries and also stimulates the domestic investment. The relationship between the impact of FDI and economic growth can be easily analyzed with the help of production function and also with the other variables that affect economic growth such as domestic, trade, labour and capital (Falki, N. 2009). Production function was done based on the endogenous growth. According to Kumar, N. (1998, p.112), Direct investment was thought of mainly as a flow of capital, possibly replacing local capital or possibly representing marginal additions to the host countrys capital stock, followed by the necessity of financing dividends and interest, and possibly repatriation of capital. Some of the authors studied on the impact of FDI on economic growth in developing countries where those opinions are illustrated below: Authors views on Does FDI promote Economic Growth in developing countries S.No. Authors name Researched during the year Does FDI promote Economic Growth in developing countries (Yes/No/May be) Explanation 1. Balasubramanyam 1996, 1999 May be Requires open or neutral trade regime 2. Borensztein 1998 May be Depends on education level of workforce 3. De Mello 1999 May be Depends on degree of complementarily and substitution between FDI and domestic investment 4. Graham and Wada 2001 Yes Raised per capita GDP in Chinese provinces with FDI concentration 5. Graham 1995 May be TNCs market power can generate negative impacts 6. Loungani and Razin 2001 May be Risks 7. Lim 2001 May be Depends on tax incentives, regulatory and legal impediments, macroeconomic instability 8. Marino 2000 May be Requires open trade and investment policies 9. Mallampallyand Sauvant 1999 May be Requires human resource development, information and other infrastructure 10. Markusen and Venables 1999 Yes Raises productivity and exports of domestic firms, generates spillovers 11. Rodrik 1999 No Reverse causality: TNCs locate, rather than drive growth, in more productive and faster growing countries Table: Shows the authors explanation on Does FDI Promote Economic Growth in developing Countriesthis is a question? (LyubaZarsky, 2005, p.25) From the above table, it can be understood that out of 11 authors, only 2 authors support that FDI promotes economic growth in the developing countries as they explain that it raises the productivity, exports of domestic firms and stated a practical example that it raised the percapita GDP of china government with the help of FDI. Rodrik, opposed the views of the other authors on supporting the FDI as based on their research. From Rodrik research, it has been stated that it doesnt shown impact rather it was derived as a reverse causality. Apart from these three authors, the remaining 8 authors were in a dynamo whether to support the FDI or not because all these authors states that the impact on FDI on economic growth depends only on the circumstances that the author considers but not on any other aspects. For example: FDI shows more impact on economic growth only when the government fulfil some basic needs such as require open trade, investment policies, human resource development, i nformation, other infrastructure, etc. If these requirements are fulfilled by the government then automatically it get benefited with the FDI but if it fails in reaching those needs then it may face some risks due to the policies and the agreement between the countries. Hence, it can be stated that impacts of FDI directly depends on the situations and circumstances that are being considered by the government. By tightening of international financial conditions will have as awful effect on inflows of FDI. In the recent years, this has been main source of assets for many countries (U. N. Staff. 2009).FDI shows more effect on the economic growth of the countries as it provides various benefits to the countries that acquire FDI are illustrated below (Khan Arshad, 2007): Introduces the latest techniques and technologies of marketing and management with the help of FDI, the developing countries can know more about the latest techniques and the technologies that are being used by the developed countries. By acquiring and implementing these latest technologies in the developing countries, to some extent it can increase its growth in terms of economy. Exploitation and utilization of local raw materials usage of raw materials in the countries will be increased by exporting these excess materials to other countries and get benefited with them by importing other raw materials from other country which are shortage in their countries. Can be easily access to the new technologies as there will be a rapid flow between the countries, each of the country can know more easily about the other country and their religion. Based on this analysis, it can assess and access the technologies in their own region by making contract with the other countries. Financial flows between the countries Foreign inflows between the countries are used for financing current account deficits. The finance flows between the countries are transferred in the form of FDI where it doesnt generate interests and repayment of principal but internally raises the human capital stock through job training. Chapter 3: Empirical Literature on FDI based on INDIA and CHINA 3.1. Effects of FDI on all other countries when compared with India and china The existence of a strong negative relationship between trade share and country size was supported by the literature on trade and development. Country size and trade ratio are inversely proportional in size (larger the size of the country smaller is the trade ratio), the foreign trade, investment, and technology transfer between countries will directly affect the degree of sincerity and competitive pressures emanating from abroad (Pieter, B. 2007). Thus, the impact of these competitive pressures would be much less in a large country such as China and India than that among other East Asian NICs. In recent years china had recognized its need towards foreign trade, investment and technology with the aim of modernization, nothing like the Third World developing countries (India) that impoverished foreign capital. 1984-85 1994-95 1999-2000 2004-05 2006 2007 World 2.2 4.8 18.3 9.0 12.9 14.8 Developed economies 2.1 3.9 19.1 7.7 12.80 15.6 Developing economies 2.8 8.1 15.8 11.9 12.5 12.6 Developing Asia 2.3 7.9 12.1 9.9 11.0 10.6 East Asia 1.9 9.0 14.8 9.3 8.7 8.6 China 1.8 15.9 10.4 7.7 6.4 5.9 South Asia 0.2 1.7 2.4 3.3 6.2 5.7 India 0.1 1.7 2.7 3.1 6.6 5.8 Table 2: shows FDI inflow as percentage of gross domestic fixed capital formation (GDFCF), 1944 -2007. (Source: Prema, C. A. 2009, p.379) The average annual level of FDI inflow for developing Asia had raced sharply from US$ 19 billion during 1984 1985 to US$ 500 billion till 2007, at the same time share to developing countries have raised from 15.1 to 17.4 percent which is shown in the above table. The gross domestic fixed capital (GDFCF) as a share of FDI inflow is higher for all the developing countries in the period 1984 1996 and reversal due to the Asian financial crisis during 1997 98. FDI inflow for developing Asia with the average FDI/GDFCF ratio during entire period 1984 2007 is approximately 9 percent and 7.1 per cent when compared with all the developing countries at the same time the global average is 7.4 per cent. China is the recipient country of inward flow and the largest developing country from past two decades where it has been investigated a theoretical increase in inflow with in developing Asia. Among all the countries china was in the second position for total FDI flow as per the ASEAN countries , with increased average annual level of US$ 3 billion during 2000-2007, and from the year 1980 to 1997 almost before six years china was in the second half with US$ 30 billion which was the onset effect of financial crises from 1997-98, due to decline and with determination from about US$ 35 billion per annum before the year 1997 to an annual average of about US$ 24 billion between 1997-79. Establishment of export-oriented industries is heavily concentrated by chinas FDI, there observation on the share of FIEs for total exports in transition economies of china is two percent of expended persistently before 1980 and approximately 60 percent by the year 2006. India process to increases FDI participation in export- oriented activities which had remained at a outlier region of FDI whose one/third FDI during the independence in 1947 was a major amount of stock as a primary sector with plantation, mining and oil at the same time one/forth was the manufacturing and all the remaining stock s are in services, mostly trade, construction, transportation and utilities. The inflow started increasing in manufacturing from 1960s although with a divestment from this sector of FDI, since, low-wages, low skilled manpower are the Indias huge supply it can attract garments and other simple assembly activities which would indirectly favor the heavy foreign investment industry thus primarily focusing towards domestic market. From mid 1990s a slight increase in software is observed as well as significant competition with the world market at industrial production was not notable (Park, J. H. 2002).some of the difficulties which are to be faced and over come for fast development of the country . India faced many difficulties to attract foreign investors in both products and services market now it is only success to service industry of IT mainly. In order to overcome these difficulties to stimulate domestic demand this is given in three steps: The interest rates should be competitive in RBI. Value added tax (VAT) are to be implemented. Reduce the budget deficit through government. Figure: shows the financial states of India and china GDP the total chinas financial assets is approximately 220 per cent of GDP at the same time Indias financial assets is 160 per cent, countries savings and investment is the great strength for chinas financial system and Indias financial system is outside occur in savings and investments (Sources: Slide share 2008, slide No:18). 3.2. Fundamental policies of FDI India followed market-distorting policies on both foreign and private investments thus with this estimation about barriers for imports and exports are analyzed. Thus it become necessary to control the production and distribution as well as administered price controls etc. The impacts of opening up policies are likely to open up with foreign trade, investment and technology transfer, which would be much less in large countries of china and India when compared with all other East Asian NICs. Chinas opening policies in recent years is the success story with the favorable impact is not only for small economies but also for all large continental economies. China and India may not suffer from a large country constriction for adopting the export-oriented, outward-looking development strategy considerably (Park, J. H. 2002). The reformist policy is to fill the domestic savings gap which is necessary for economic development with foreign capital inflows, along with other goals in advanced for eign technology and managerial skills, and to promote exports to increase the foreign exchange earnings of the country. Due to open-door policy Chinas trade and inflow of foreign direct investment and loans are impressive, thus within a very short time china became a major exporting country, and an export competitor with the East Asian NICs (Newly Industrializing Countries) and ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) countries in the Asia Pacific region. The opening policies in china have contributed to the countrys economic growth and development considering all domestic economic events. The Indias economic reforms undertaken in 1991 in light of Chinas experience with the export-oriented, foreign direct investment strategy for economic growth and development which has been examined with superiority of export-oriented, outward-looking development strategies. Thus China can provide important lessons and policy implications in economic development for all Third World developing countries like India. The success story of china open to worlds economy made it ideal for studying the relationship between trade and development as well as for testing the validity of export-promoting development strategy. 3.3. Historical Background and National Goals 3.3.1. History of FDI in India The generational explanation of history is given as follows after Indias independence: during 1947 to 48 there was the British owned the private foreign capital through the national policies resolution which is Swadeshi movement Industrial policy. In the next generation i.e. from 1949 to 1953 foreign investments where far away from trio of domestic business house with foreign capital as well as with the government nationalist sentiments. The second Economic plan was launched in 1957 as industrialization through import substitution and encouraging private investment. Some of the selected industries got foreign collaboration and JV mostly manufacturing companies which are retained participation in India FDI since 1960s, the devaluation of rupee encouraged the socialist idealism banks and foreign oil majors nationalized after late 1960s. After almost 8 years in 1968 the foreign investment board had encouraging investments on there own terms and conduction. In the year 1973as per the F oreign Exchange Act (FERA) which launched a new article that all firms should come together for their foreign equity, holding 40% of foreign equity to be considered as Indian companies due to which IBM as well as coca cola is exited. After seven years of strict vigilance on FDI, from the year 1980 licensing procedures were liberalized to softened, technology transfer and royalty payments relaxed, foreign investment was encouraged wherever possible. During 1900-s rupee value got down, withdrawal of NRI money, India turned to IMF; there was liberalization on trade regime and regulatory frame work. Many of the industries were invited by FDI and in some cases limit was increased from 51% to 100%. The service sector was again opened for FDI. The political instability after 1995 had started but a perception towards FDI had changed due to changes in government kept focus on FDI. 3.3.2. History of FDI in China China has joined the joint venture with other countries in the year1979, and by the year 1986 china became fully foreign owned enterprise. It was divided into four zones namely Shantou, Shenzhen, and Xiamen in the year 1980. After four years in 1984 it was found that chinas economic zone has fourteen cities and whole china combined by late 1900s. There was a rapid economic growth in reform period due to profusion of labour and its low costs, Rapid expansion of Chinas domestic market at the same time plays important role of overseas Chinese for increasing integration with world economy. The marketing effects are generally obtained by imports and exports in both bilateral countries. FDI is very essential for developing countries for Off setting the capital deficiency, Acquiring advanced technology, Gaining production know-how, Promoting exports as well as to Table 2: shows FDI in India-China products Trade (in million US Dollars). (Source: Prema, C. A. 2009, p.379) The two highest population countries of the world are India and China which together contain approximately 40 per cent of the worlds humidity on an adjacent landmass in Asia. Both countries are pride in birthplace of civilization entering the era of sharing worlds greatest development problem. The underdeveloped areas of these two countries is due to huge population relative to land and other resources, around 1950s there was no commitment to national planning for economic modernization as there was new governments of China and India, led by Mao Zedong and Jawaharlal Nehru so as to eliminate poverty and raise the standard of living (Park, J. H. 2002). Approaches to Development: Some of the important characteristics shared within India and China as the wealth of people relative to other rare resources such as arable land, natural resources, and capital suggesting the appropriate strategies for development would have involved production of labor-intensive goods. Among these some are exchanged for imports of capital goods and technology as per the necessity for development. For economic