Joubert Syndrome with Orofaciodigital Defects

Joubert Syndrome with Orofaciodigital DefectsA deal of Joubert syndrome in an infant, with literature reviewABSTRACTJoubert Syndrome and related disorders (JSRD) be a group of r ar autosomal recessive disorders with a hallmark molar tooth sign (MTS) visible on axial magnetic resonance images of the straits. Joubert syndrome with Oro- seventh cranial nerve-digital defects (JS-OFD) represents a rare subtype of JSRD. This syndrome is often difficult to diagnose because of its wide reaching of genotypic-phenotypic variations.Despite its profound oro-facial manifestations, alveolar consonant literature describing the syndrome is scarce. This is a case report of an 8-year-old boy who reported to the out-patient department of pediatric dentistry with the oldtimer complaint of irregular front teeth. The child exhibited facial dysmorphism, strabismus, hyperdactyly of hands and feet along with oro-dental features of a senior high arched palate and high lingual frenum attachment. MRI report stated the presence of molar tooth sign. secernate Words Joubert syndrome and related disorders, Oro-facial-digital syndrome type VI, molar tooth signINTRODUCTIONJoubert syndrome (JS) was root described by Marie Joubert in 1968 in four siblings with agenesis of the cerebellar vermis who presented with episodic hyperpnoea, abnormal eye movements, ataxia and ingenious disability 1,2. Several years later, it was discovered that JS results from mal cultivation of the midbrain and cerebellar vermis, producing a pathognomonic MTS on MRI 3. The common dedicate term Joubert Syndrome and Related Disorders (JSRD) was then coined for the group of conditions presenting with the MTS 4. The incidence of this clinical entity has not been precisely determined, however, it may range between 1/80,000 and 1/100,000 live births 2 with tho about 200 cases that suck in been reported worldwide5. nerve REPORTAn 8 year old boy reported to the outpatient Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry at the Faculty of Dental Sciences, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bangalore for the evaluation of abnormal front teeth. History revealed that he was a stake child of a second degree consanguineous marriage. Figure I is the pedigree chart line drawing the patients family history. The m some other reported hold up attainment of developmental milest 1s and the child being a slow-learner.On intra-oral examination, the child was in the early mixed dentition stage the teeth present were first permanent molars, permanent mandibular telephone exchange incisors, erupting maxillary permanent central incisors , primary left central incisor, primary canines of all the quadrants, primary mandibular lateral incisors and first and second primary molars of all the quadrants. The pate of the primary left central incisor (61) was conical in shape and a developing anterior cross-bite was sight due to palatally erupting 11 and 21. A high-arched palate and high lingual fre num attachment were also seen.Extra-orally, the patient exhibited facial dysmorphism in form of depressed nasal bridge, broad nasal tip, amphetamine lip qualifying and his upper lip was short compared to the broad and thick lower lip. Prominent bilateral epicanthal folds, widely spaced eyeball (hypertelorism) and a unilateral squint (strabismus) of the right eye were profound facial characteristics. His cranial morphology and pig were apparently normal.Bilateral post-axial polydactyly of both the hands and feet were noticed. The remainder of the systemic evaluation was insignificant. However, the patient showed myopic muscular control due to delayed gross as well as fine repel development.On review of the patients medical records, it was seen that the possibility of Joubert Syndrome was considered on detection of inferior vermian agenesis and polydactyly on antenatal ultrasonography per organize at 28 weeks of intra-uterine life. Eye movements and respiration were reviewed and found to be normal. Foetal MRI was done at another medical center and they considered the possibility of Dandy-Walker anomaly. At 5 months of age, neurologic evaluation was conducted and nystagmus along with truly brisk deep tendon reflexes (DTRs 3+ category) was noticed sideline which, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain was advised. The MRI reports indicated complete agenesis of the cerebellar vermis which resulted in median approach of the two cerebellar hemispheres. Superior cerebellar peduncles appeared thin and distinctly defined across the pontomesencephalic cisterns giving the characteristic molar tooth sign. Also the 4th ventricle was slightly dilated and had assumed a bat-wing appearance. Inspite of the all the MRI findings being suggestive of Joubert sydrome, neither was whatsoever definitive diagnosis made nor any neurological follow-up maintained.With respect to dental treatment rendered, the patient was found to be lacking cooperative ability, but keeping in mind the extreme sensitivity to the respiratory depressant effects of anesthetic agents, sedation and GA was ruled out. Considering this inability, after extraction of his primary central incisor (61), a lower habituated plane devisal was planned to correct the developing cross-bite. Patient did not cooperate for fabrication of a fixed appliance. Upper and lower primary impressions were made, a removable lower given over plane appliance with Adams clasps on 75 and 85 was fabricated and delivered to the patient. However, the patient showed poor compliance with the appliance and refused to wear it beyond the third day. Following this, we considered the correction of the cross-bite by constructing a bonded resin-composite inclined plane 6, 7. The labial surface of the mandibular incisors was etched with 37% phosphoric acid (Scotchbond Multi-purpose Etchant, 3M, USA) for 15 seconds, rinsed and dried. An adhesive system (Adper Single Bond 2, 3M, USA) was utilize and cured for 20 s using a visible light cure unit (_______). Composite resin (Filtek Z350XT, 3M, USA) was formed into an inclined block 45 degree to the longitudinal axis of the teeth. The height was adjusted so as to maintain the only contact between both arches at the level of these incisors. The inclined plane was minute using a polishing disc. The child was motivated to maintain good oral hygiene and the parents were instructed regarding the caution of a soft diet. The child was recalled after 1 day and then 1 week to clinically evaluate the treatment progress. At 1 week interval, edge-to-edge bite was achieved while complete correction of the crossbite took place in 2 weeks. Following this, the composite inclined plane was removed using a adamant point at low speed, the enamel surface was polished and topical fluoride application was done. The child is on a lower floor regular follow-up at our hospital.DISCUSSIONThe spectrum of Joubert Syndrome and Related Disorders (JSRD) comprises all di sorders presenting the molar tooth sign (MTS) on brain imaging. JSRD include Joubert syndrome OMIM213300, along with any related condition(s) presenting with the MTS, like Varadi-Papp syndrome (or Orofaciodigital type VI, OMIM%277170), COACH syndrome OMIM216360, Dekaban-Arima syndrome OMIM%243910, Malta syndrome and a few cases with Senior- Loken syndrome OMIM266900. work date no major gene has been reconciledly associated with Oro-facio-digital Syndrome type VI (OFD VI) however, mutations in the TMEM216 gene are cognize to be seen occasionally. All JSRD genes isolated so far, encode for proteins of the primary cilium and thus these disorders light up in the ciliopathies group of disorders 9.Previously in literature, JS-OFD has also been referred to as Oro-facio-digital Syndrome type VI (OFD VI) or Varadi-Papp Syndrome 10, 11,12. However, recently, Brancati et al. have discouraged the continued use of such eponyms in favor of a more practical, clinical-genetic classification. The y have proposed a classification of JSRDs into six subgroups based on the main organ(s) involvement and the established genotype-phenotype correlates 2. They classified JSRDs intoPure JSJS with opthalmic defect (JS-O)JS with renal defect (JS-R)JS with oculorenal defects (JS-OR)JS with hepatic defect (JS-H)JS with oro-facio-digital defects (JS-OFD).A diagnosis of JSRD should be suspected in all infants presenting with hypotonia, abnormal eye movements (in particular oculomotor apraxia, but also nystagmus) and developmental delay. The occurrence of abnormalities in the respiratory pattern, i.e. hyperpneas alternating with periods of apnea, reinforces the clinical suspicion of the disease. In these children, a brain MRI is sufficient to patronage or exclude the diagnosis, based on the detection of the MTS. Once a diagnosis of JSRD has been made, children should enter a diagnostic protocol to assess the possiblemultiorgan involvement2.Presence of MTS is considered pathognomic for diag nosis of JS-OFD (or OFD VI). MTS is characterized by presence of a hypoplastic or completely absent cerebellar vermis, which is indicated by the hallmark hoagie Tooth Sign found on axial view of brain MRI scan. MTS has not been described in any other type of oro-facial-digital syndrome and its presence allows differentiation of OFD VI from other types 9. In addition, several other oral, dental and digital malformations are regular(prenominal) of JS-OFD. These have been enlisted in Table I.Recently, Poretti et al. 9 have suggested a diagnostic criterion for OFD VI. The criterion being MTS and one or more of the followingtongue hamartoma(s) and/or additional frenula and/or upper lip notchmesoaxial polydactyly of one or more hands or feethypothalamic hamartoma.These criteria allow the diagnosis to be made even in the absence of oral findings and/or polydactyly. The validity of these criteria needs to be reassessed in additional cohorts of patients and after the identification of maj or genetic determinants of OFD VI. Along with presence of the pathognomic MTS, our patient showed bilateral postaxial polydactyly of hands and feet. Mesoaxial hand polydactyly is extremely rare and specific for OFD VI among the JSRD phenotypes, but not consistent in OFD VI because different forms of polydactyly have been previously reported 13,14,15,16. Moreover, it is to be noted that the syndrome is known to show a high degree of genotypic-phenotypic variations and its often difficult to arrive at a conclusive diagnosis. Thus, it can be said that the reported case probably represents variability within OFD VI.Compared with other JSRD subgroups, the neurological findings and impairment of motor development and cognitive functions in OFD VI are significantly worse, suggesting a correlation with the more severe neuroimaging findings 9. Steinlinet al. 17 suggested that outcomes in JS can be divided into three courses first, children who die youth second, patients who go far but have severe developmental delay with the development quotient (DQ) being less than 30 along with a variety of visual and motor handicaps and third, patients whose developmental quotients fall within the mildly delayed range (60-85). A remarkable finding in the case reported was, the level of cognitive development with intelligence quotient (IQ) being 90 which falls in the average IQ range according to the Stanford-Binet perception Scale Fifth Edition (SB5)18. So far, normal cognitive functions (without formal IQ assessment) have only been reported in one patient, attending a regular school 19.Despite the fact that Joubert syndrome is very rare in India, an early diagnosis is necessary for genetic counseling and treatment planning. Treatment is in full general symptomatic and includes possible medico-surgical supportive interventions. Also, the diagnosis is important for future procedures that require anesthesia. Of particular caution is that these patients are sensitive to respirator y depressant effects of anesthetic agents like opiates and nitrous oxide. Hence, anesthesia using inhalational induction, controlled ventilation, scheme of opioids, and close postoperative monitoring is recommended 20. The prognosis is almost always poor, leading to early death and those who survive usually require supportive care throughout life. Annual evaluation of the growth status, vision and general wellness is recommended. 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